Manganese is a cofactor for: (1) MnSOD, the superoxide dismutase that protects mitochondria from oxidative damage; (2) arginase, needed for urea cycle (ammonia detoxification); (3) pyruvate carboxylase, gluconeogenesis; and (4) glycosyltransferases, proteoglycan synthesis for bone and cartilage. The neurotoxicity of excess manganese occurs because it accumulates preferentially in the globus pallidus (basal ganglia), where it disrupts dopaminergic neurotransmission, the same pathway affected in Parkinson's disease.
Independently graded against 173,636 indexed supplements with 177 published clinical interactions, sourced from PubMed, FDA CAERS, openFDA, and NIH DSLD | Last updated:
Not medical advice. Based on published clinical research and systematic reviews.