Hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin work through: (1) increasing endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity and NO bioavailability, improving vasodilation and reducing blood pressure; (2) inhibiting phosphodiesterase (PDE) in venous smooth muscle, increasing cAMP, which improves venous tone and reduces stasis; (3) reducing capillary permeability by strengthening inter-endothelial junctions; (4) inhibiting NF-κB and ICAM-1, reducing vascular inflammation and leukocyte adhesion. In the gut, hesperidin is converted by intestinal bacteria to hesperetin, which is then absorbed, meaning gut microbiome composition affects bioavailability.
No critical interactions identified.
Independently graded against 173,636 indexed supplements with 177 published clinical interactions, sourced from PubMed, FDA CAERS, openFDA, and NIH DSLD | Last updated:
Not medical advice. Based on published clinical research and systematic reviews.